描述
VE4003S2B6
二位控制
这是最简单的反馈控制，有时也叫开关控制。这种控制是当被测量达到最高值或最低值的时候，就给出一个开关的信号。虽然被测量可能是模拟量，但控制输出是开关的，所以叫两位控制。在工业现场，有许多温控器和液位开关控制是采用这种方式的。
比例控制
控制器的输出值与被控参数的测量值和设定值或某个参考点的偏差是一个比例关系。比例控制比二位控制要平滑一些，消除了二位控制时会产生的被控量上下振荡的情形。比如，对一个反应罐的液位，如果设定的液位值是2700毫米，当液位降低时，进料管道上的阀门就要增加开度，而液位偏高时，则要将开度减小。增加和减小的比例与液位和设定值的偏差大小成比例关系。
积分控制
在积分控制中，被控变量的值的变化与控制系统输出控制到实际生效的时间有一个预先设定的关系。执行机构的输出是渐渐地达到设定的值的。这种控制方式的产生是由于实际的控制元件和执行机构从给出输出信号到使被控变量达到设定值往往需要一段时间。
最常见的例子是温度控制，比如，假定我们知道到煤气阀门的开度到60%的时候，热水器的水温能够达到适宜洗澡的45度，但是，当你把阀门一下子拧到60%的位置时，水依然是凉的，你必须等一下，水温升到45度左右的时候，就会稳定。如果控制系统不用积分控制，而只用比例控制，那么当阀门输出为60%时，这是输入的温度值可能依然只有20度，那么按照比例控制，既然偏差依然存在，则阀门的开度会继续加大，这样，当水温升到45度时，阀门的开度可能会达到了90%甚至更高，这时，虽然控制系统会通知阀门保持不动，但水温会继续升高，可能到了50甚至60度，这时，阀门的开度会减小，但在减小到60%之前，水温都会继续上升，当阀门开度减到60%时，水温依然可能70度，一直当阀门的开度变成20%时，水温才会变成45度，这时阀门运动会停止，但水温却会继续下降，直到变成凉水，如果这时是冬天，可能你的情形还要糟糕。这就是没有积分控制的温度控制器会发生的情况。如果你有小孩，当孩子第一次操作热水器的阀门的时候，发生的情形就很像这种情况。
微分控制
微分控制通常与比例和积分控制同时使用，由于积分控制有一个滞后，微分控制可以让控制对偏差的反应提前，以免控制系统的反应过于迟钝。微分控制与比例和积分控制同时使用，可以使被控状态更迅速地达到稳定状态，而又不会出现上文出现的振荡现象。
PID 控制
在实际的控制系统中，根据实际变量的情况，上述三种控制方式有时只有一种，有时是两种，有时三种同时采用。比例控制用P表示，积分控制用I表示，微分控制用D表示，根据采用的方式，分别称为P控制，PI控制，PID控制。其中，PID控制是控制系统最常见的控制模式。
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