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KPS-600/20-ESC E93DE143E4B531

预读是指采用预读算法在没有系统的IO请求的时候事先将数据从磁盘中读入到缓存中，然后在系统发出读IO请求的时候，就会实现去检查看看缓存里面是否存在要读取的数据，如果存在(即命中)的话就直接将结果返回，这时候的磁盘不再需要寻址、旋转等待、读取数据这一序列的操作了，这样是能节省很多时间的;如果没有命中则再发出真正的读取磁盘的命令去取所需要的数据。

缓存的命中率跟缓存的大小有很大的关系，理论上是缓存越大的话，所能缓存的数据也就越多，这样命中率也自然越高，当然缓存不可能太大，毕竟成本在那儿呢。如果一个容量很大的存储系统配备了一个很小的读缓存的话，这时候问题会比较大的，因为小缓存缓存的数据量非常小，相比整个存储系统来说比例非常低，这样随机读取(数据库系统的大多数情况)的时候命中率也自然就很低，这样的缓存不但不能提高效率(因为绝大部分读IO都还要读取磁盘)，反而会因为每次去匹配缓存而浪费时间。

执行读IO操作是读取数据存在于缓存中的数量与全部要读取数据的比值称为缓存命中率(ReadCacheHitRadio)，假设一个存储系统在不使用缓存的情况下随机小IO读取能达到150IOPS，而它的缓存能提供10%的缓存命中率的话，那么实际上它的IOPS可以达到150/(1-10%)=166。回写

要先说一下，用于回写功能的那部分缓存被称为写缓存(WriteCache)。在一套写缓存打开的存储中，操作系统所发出的一系列写IO命令并不会被挨个的执行，这些写IO的命令会先写入缓存中，然后再一次性的将缓存中的修改推到磁盘中，这就相当于将那些相同的多个IO合并成一个，多个连续操作的小IO合并成一个大的IO，还有就是将多个随机的写IO变成一组连续的写IO，这样就能减少磁盘寻址等操作所消耗的时间，大大的提高磁盘写入的效率。读缓存虽然对效率提高是很明显的，但是它所带来的问题也比较严重，因为缓存和普通内存一样，掉点以后数据会全部丢失，当操作系统发出的写IO命令写入到缓存中后即被认为是写入成功，而实际上数据是没有被真正写入磁盘的，此时如果掉电，缓存中的数据就会永远的丢失了，这个对应用来说是灾难性的，目前解决这个问题最好的方法就是给缓存配备电池了，保证存储掉电之后缓存数据能如数保存下来。

和读一样，写缓存也存在一个写缓存命中率(WriteCacheHitRadio)，不过和读缓存命中情况不一样的是，尽管缓存命中，也不能将实际的IO操作免掉，只是被合并了而已。

控制器缓存和磁盘缓存除了上面的作用之外还承当着其他的作用，比如磁盘缓存有保存IO命令队列的功能，单个的磁盘一次只能处理一个IO命令，但却能接收多个IO命令，这些进入到磁盘而未被处理的命令就保存在缓存中的IO队列中。RAID(RedundantArrayOfInexpensiveDisks)

如果你是一位数据库管理员或者经常接触服务器，那对RAID应该很熟悉了，作为最廉价的存储解决方案，RAID早已在服务器存储中得到了普及。在RAID的各个级别中，应当以RAID10和RAID5(不过RAID5已经基本走到头了，RAID6正在崛起中，看看这里了解下原因)应用最广了。下面将就RAID0，RAID1，RAID5，RAID6，RAID10这几种级别的RAID展开说一下磁盘阵列对于磁盘性能的影响，当然在阅读下面的内容之前你必须对各个级别的RAID的结构和工作原理要熟悉才行，这样才不至于满头雾水，推荐查看wikipedia上面的如下条目：RAID，StandardRAIDlevels，NestedRAIDlevels。RAID0RAID0将数据条带化(striping)将连续的数据分散在多个磁盘上进行存取，系统发出的IO命令(不管读IO和写IO都一样)就可以在磁盘上被并行的执行，每个磁盘单独执行自己的那一部分请求，这样的并行的IO操作能大大的增强整个存储系统的性能。假设一个RAID0阵列有n(n>=2)个磁盘组成，每个磁盘的随机读写的IO能力都达到140的话，那么整个磁盘阵列的IO能力将是140n。同时如果在阵列总线的传输能力允许的话RAID0的吞吐率也将是单个磁盘的n倍。

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