HP744/132L

描述

HP744/132L

在积分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的积分成正比关系。对一个自动控制系统，如果在进入稳态后存在稳态误差，则称这个控制系统是有稳态误差的或简称有差系统（System with Steady-state Error）。为了消除稳态误差，在控制器中必须引入“积分项”。积分项对误差取决于时间的积分，随着时间的增加，积分项会增大。这样，即便误差很小，积分项也会随着时间的增加而加大，它推动控制器的输出增大使稳态误差进一步减小，直到等于零。因此，比例+积分(PI)控制器，可以使系统在进入稳态后无稳态误差。微分（D）控制 在微分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的微分（即误差的变化率）成正比关系。自动控制系统在克服误差的调节过程中可能会出现振荡甚至失稳。其原因是由于存在有较大惯性组件（环节）或有滞后(delay)组件，具有抑制误差的作用，其变化总是落后于误差的变化。解决的办法是使抑制误差的作用的变化“超前”，即在误差接近零时，抑制误差的作用就应该是零。这就是说，在控制器中仅引入“比例”项往往是不够的，比例项的作用仅是放大误差的幅值，而目前需要增加的是“微分项”，它能预测误差变化的趋势，这样，具有比例+微分的控制器，就能够提前使抑制误差的控制作用等于零，甚至为负值，从而避免了被控量的严重超调。所以对有较大惯性或滞后的被控对象，比例+微分(PD)控制器能改善系统在调节过程中的动态特性。

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