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OC-VIP06D0300

PLC控制系统中电磁干扰的主要来源有哪些呢？

(1)来自空间的辐射干扰

空间的辐射电磁场（EMI）主要是由电力网络、电气设备的暂态过程、雷电、无线电广播、电视、雷达、高频感应加热设备等产生的，通常称为辐射干扰，其分布极为复杂。若PLC系统置于所射频场内，就回收到辐射干扰，其影响主要通过两条路径；一是直接对PLC内部的辐射，由电路感应产生干扰；而是对PLC通信内网络的辐射，由通信线路的感应引入干扰。辐射干扰与现场设备布置及设备所产生的电磁场大小，特别是频率有关，一般通过设置屏蔽电缆和PLC局部屏蔽及高压泄放元件进行保护。

(2)来自系统外引线的干扰

主要通过电源和信号线引入，通常称为传导干扰。这种干扰在我国工业现场较严重。

(3)来自电源的干扰

实践证明，因电源引入的干扰造成PLC控制系统故障的情况很多，笔者在某工程调试中遇到过，后更换隔离性能更高的PLC电源，问题才得到解决。

PLC系统的正常供电电源均由电网供电。由于电网覆盖范围广，将受到所有空间电磁干扰而在线路上感应电压和电路。尤其是电网内部的变化，入开关操作浪涌、大型电力设备起停、交直流转动装置引起的谐波、电网短路暂态冲击等，都通过输电线路到电源边。PLC电源通常采用隔离电源，但其机构及制造工艺因素使其隔离性并不理想。实际上，由于分布参数特别是分布电容的存在，绝对隔离是不可能的。

(4)来自信号线引入的干扰

与PLC控制系统连接的各类信号传输线，除了传输有效的各类信号之外，总会有外部干扰信号侵入。此干扰主要有两种途径：一是通过变送器或共用信号仪表的供电电源串入的电网干扰，这往往被忽略；二是信号线受空间电磁辐射感应的干扰，即信号线上的外部感应干扰，这是很严重的。由信号引入干扰会引起I/O信号工作异常和测量精度大大降低，严重时将引起元器件损伤。对于隔离性能差的系统，还将导致信号间互相干扰，引起共地系统总线回流，造成逻辑数据变化、误动和死机。PLC控制系统因信号引入干扰造成I/O模件损坏数相当严重，由此引起系统故障的情况也很多。

（5）来自接地系统混乱时的干扰

接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容性（EMC）的有效手段之一。正确的接地，既能抑制电磁干扰的影响，又能抑制设备向外发出干扰；而错误的接地，反而会引入严重的干扰信号，使PLC系统将无法正常工作。PLC控制系统的地线包括系统地、屏蔽地、交流地和保护地等。接地系统混乱对PLC系统的干扰主要是各个接地点电位分布不均，不同接地点间存在地电位差，引起地环路电流，影响系统正常工作。例如电缆屏蔽层必须一点接地，如果电缆屏蔽层两端A、B都接地，就存在地电位差，有电流流过屏蔽层，当发生异常状态加雷击时，地线电流将更大。

此外，屏蔽层、接地线和大地有可能构成闭合环路，在变化磁场的作用下，屏蔽层内有会出现感应电流，通过屏蔽层与芯线之间的耦合，干扰信号回路。若系统地与其它接地处理混乱，所产生的地环流可能在地线上产生不等电位分布，影响PLC内逻辑电路和模拟电路的正常工作。PLC工作的逻辑电压干扰容限较低，逻辑地电位的分布干扰容易影响PLC的逻辑运算和数据存储，造成数据混乱、程序跑飞或死机。模拟地电位的分布将导致测量精度下降，引起对信号测控的严重失真和误动作。

（6）来自PLC系统内部的干扰

主要由系统内部元器件及电路间的相互电磁辐射产生，如逻辑电路

互辐射及其对模拟电路的影响，模拟地与逻辑地的相互影响及元器件间的相互不匹配使用等。这都属于PLC制造厂对系统内部进行电磁兼容设计的内容，比较复杂，作为应用部门是无法改变，可不必过多考虑，但要选择具有较多应用实绩或经过考验的系统。

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OC-VIP06D0300

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