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PM595-4ETH-F

现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。

反应式步进电动机采用高导磁材料构成齿状转子和定子，其结构简单，生产成本低，步距角可以做的相当小，一般为三相，可实现大转矩输出，步进角一般为1.5度，但噪声和振动都很大。反应式步进电机的转子磁路由软磁材料制成，定子上有多相励磁绕组，利用磁导的变化产生转矩，但动态性能相对较差。

永磁式步进电机转子采用多磁极的圆筒形的永磁铁，在其外侧配置齿状定子。用转子和定子之间的吸引和排斥力产生转动，它的出力大，动态性能好，但步距角一般比较大。一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一般为7.5度或15度。

混合式步进电机是指混合了永磁式和反应式的优点。它又分为两相和五相：两相步进角一般为1.8度而五相步进角一般为0.72度。这种步进电机的应用最为广泛，它是PM和VR的复合产品，其转子采用齿状的稀土永磁材料，定子则为齿状的突起结构。此类电机综合了反应式和永磁式两者的优点，步距角小，出力大，动态性能好，是性能较好的一类步进电动机，在计算机相关的设备中多用此类电机。

步进电机有步距角（涉及到相数）、静转矩、及电流三大要素组成。一旦三大要素确定，步进电机的型号便确定下来了。

1、步距角的选择

电机的步距角取决于负载精度的要求，将负载的最小分辨率（当量）换算到电机轴上，每个当量电机应走多少角度（包括减速）。电机的步距角应等于或小于此角度。目前市场上步进电机的步距角一般有0.36度/0.72度（五相电机）、0.9度/1.8度（二、四相电机）、1.5度/3度（三相电机）等。

2、静力矩的选择

步进电机的动态力矩一下子很难确定，我们往往先确定电机的静力矩。静力矩选择的依据是电机工作的负载，而负载可分为惯性负载和摩擦负载二种。单一的惯性负载和单一的摩擦负载是不存在的。直接起动时（一般由低速）时二种负载均要考虑，加速起动时主要考虑惯性负载，恒速运行进只要考虑摩擦负载。一般情况下，静力矩应为摩擦负载的2-3倍内好，静力矩一旦选定，电机的机座及长度便能确定下来（几何尺寸）。

3、电流的选择

静力矩一样的电机，由于电流参数不同，其运行特性差别很大，可依据矩频特性曲线图，判断电机的电流（参考驱动电源、及驱动电压）。

4、力矩与功率换算

步进电机一般在较大范围内调速使用、其功率是变化的，一般只用力矩来衡量，力矩与功率换算如下：

P=Ω·MΩ=2π·n/60P=2πnM/60

其P为功率单位为瓦，Ω为每秒角速度，单位为弧度，n为每分钟转速，M为力矩单位为牛顿·米

P=2πfM/400(半步工作）

其中f为每秒脉冲数（简称PPS）

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PM595-4ETH-F

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